Ethical Conduct in Psychology Essay

Professional ethics is associated with doing what is right, both morally and legally. Although many professions are associated with a code of ethics, it is more relevant in the field of psychology. In psychology, this requires the practitioner to conduct himself or herself in accordance to several laid down moral principles. These principles attempt to promote honesty in teaching and practice of psychological science, and in executing their social responsibilities. The contribution of psychologists to the society is generally based on trust. The public trusts psychologists to use their scientific knowledge and services for the development of individuals and the society. The legal system trusts psychologists to offer specialized subject testimony without undue bias or favor. Client’s trusts psychologists to maintain confidentiality. However; the public trust in psychology to deliver is eroded when psychologists violate confidentiality or practice in areas outside their training and competency, or when they publish false results. When the conduct of a psychologist can be interpreted as a breach of ethics, the matter can be brought to the person’s attention through an informal resolution. When an informal resolution seems inappropriate, the ethical violation may be reported to committees on professional ethics. The role of ethics is more stressed in mental health and psychology, much more than in most other fields. This is mainly because the diagnosis and treatment of mental diseases is different from physical illnesses. The direct influence of the mental health professional or the psychologist in producing a desired treatment outcome independently, is considerably limited and much depends on the patient’s ability to cooperate with the treatment. As mental diseases are understood by the observation of behavioral pattern of Ethical Conduct in Psychology 4 an individual, technological intervention cannot aid these professionals, like that in physical health care, where blood tests and other sophisticated scan systems and analysis conclusively pin point the diseases which are then appropriately followed up for treatment. Specialists in other areas of medicine have benefited from the development in biological sciences, where disease progress mechanisms have been more detailed and specific. Mental health professionals including psychologists do not presently benefit from laboratory testing to confirm the presence or absence of psychopathology. This is mainly because, the underlying processes associated with mental disorders in still unknown. Mental health professionals cannot benefit by prescribing tests for genetic defects or brain lesions, for evaluating a mental disorder. Clinical psychologists depend on the observations of an individual’s behavior, personal experience and history to make diagnosis and treatment decisions. This intrusion into the life of a client, gives the psychologist immense data on the individual, which is intended to be used to improve the life of the client. Thus the methods used to seek data, the interpretation of the data, the susceptibility of the client as a result of revealing, the validity of the interpretation and conclusions reached, are all of immense importance to the client. The misuse or abuse of the client data can have serious consequences. Therefore, the treatment by psychologists is associated with safeguarding the information of the client, while using it beneficially for the client. There are situations when this confidentiality should be breached too. There are several ways in which the psychologists can interpret and use this data. The psychology practice thus throws up several situations for pondering; to think and decide, to separate the right from wrong. Thus psychology is involved with dilemmas and ethics. Ethical Conduct in Psychology 5 To ensure that psychologists stand up to the responsibilities and expectations associated with them, the American Psychologists Association (APA) has formulated its own ethics; the APA Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct. This APA Ethics Code provides guidelines to both, general ethical conduct and specific situational conduct. The code helps psychologists to face ethical problems and dilemmas. However, in the course of the practice of psychology, psychologists often come across complex ethical situations, for which reliance to APA ethics code alone, do not show the right way. Sometimes an ethical dilemma can have several solutions compatible with all ethics; however the most appropriate solution is selected by critical thinking. Sometimes by following one particular standard, psychologists may breach another standard. When making decisions associated with their profession, psychologists must consider all applicable laws and regulations of the psychology board, in addition to the Ethics Code. Psychologists can also look to guidelines that have been endorsed by other scientific or psychological communities, apart from their own conscience. When the ethical conduct is in confrontation with the law or regulations, then the psychologists must show their commitment to the laws, while taking steps to resolve the conflict, responsibly. Fischer suggested an eight-step model for decision making, based on critical thinking; which meets ethical standards for testing and assessments (Fischer, 2003).

Psychology and Personality Traits

Traits Personality is a complex hypothetical construct that has been defined In a variety of ways such as what does It mean to say that someone has an optimistic personality? This assertion Indicates that the person has a fairly consistent tendency to behave In a cheerful, hopeful, enthusiastic way(Wayne &Doug, 2013). As a person, there has many personality fit on you, so we have been asking take the online personality test and analyze five factor (Extroversion, Neurotics, Openness, Agreeableness and Conscientiousness)in the score. Someone was extroversion, we can say that person is outgoing,scalable, friendly and assertive. This kind of person, they always go to party and they always can find friendly quickly. In the tests there has six branch of the extra RSI en d less,G regal soundness,Ease rotten sees,Ex. me NT-seeks Eng,actively level and cheerfulness. ), every branch has their own score and choose average of them to build your score for extroversion.My comment of extroversion s hows my score on extroversion is average, indicating I am neither a subdued loner nor a Jovial chatterbox. I enjoy time with others but also time alone. Some point I agree like I can find friend quickly and I Like spend some times Just for private or I have positive mood and feeling and I Like to try some crazy things but there has some point has a little bit different . Friendless†¦ 63, Your level of friendliness is average. They make friends quickly and it is easy for them to form close, intimate relationships.In the friendless, I think there has a little different from me. I can make friends quickly but I am not easy to close because when I started go to school, many people think I am cough girl, cool eyes, hot temper.. Before they make friend with me, they think am just Like Big Boss, always control other people and never smile but when they has chance to know me , they know I am person who are not like what am I look like. Even my best friend, she said she don't know how s he can make friend with me.But it Just like the comment saying, I can make friends quickly, I don't know why but when I talk to someone, they always think I am funny and they always has some same thought with me, so my mother never worry about my sociability. —–Assertiveness†¦ 28,Low corers tend not to talk much and let others control the activities of groups. Your level of assertiveness Is low. This one think It Is not me, totally not me As said before, I Like control and I always acting Like a big boss. In my circle of friends, I am just like leader or like their mom, take care everything and help everyone.So, I can say let others control is impossible in my life, if there has someone wants to control, I will show or acting I am the better that them and I can handle everything. Neurotics If talk about neurotics, some words we can associated are anxious, hostile, self- unconscious, Insecure and vulnerable. Those who score high In neurologist tend to overreact(Mor occo&Almeida,2004) and exhibit more impulsiveness and emotional instability than others(Weedier,2009). There has six part in Neurotics: Anxiety, Anger, Depression, Self-consciousness, Immoderation and Vulnerability.The comment I got said : amour score on Neurotics is average, indicating that your level of emotional reactivity is typical of the general population. Stressful and frustrating situations are somewhat upsetting to you, but you are generally able to get over eel angry when some unfair thing happened or something did not go my way, feel sad when some bad things happened and did not feel nervous in social occasions also can handle someone say some bad things about me, I am not fragile that can influenced by other people is Just like me.I did not find anything different in Neurotics, all I get is average, I am not strong enough but I am not weak. Openness to experience Curiosity, flexibility, vivid fantasy, imaginativeness, artistic sensitivity and unconventional attitudes(Wa yne &Doug, 2013) are another words which can describe money was openness. Elf people who are high in openness, they must be tolerant of ambiguity and have less need.They tend to think and act in individualistic and nonconforming ways. In this case, my score is 9 and it is low in the total score is 99,the comment they give to me is think in plain and simple terms, others describe me as down-to earth, practical, and conservative. In these six branch, there has some saying connecting with me such as medium range of imagination, no interest in arts, I can change arbitrary between psychological liberalism and conservatism as I think. Psychology and Personality Traits Traits Personality is a complex hypothetical construct that has been defined In a variety of ways such as what does It mean to say that someone has an optimistic personality? This assertion Indicates that the person has a fairly consistent tendency to behave In a cheerful, hopeful, enthusiastic way(Wayne &Doug, 2013). As a person, there has many personality fit on you, so we have been asking take the online personality test and analyze five factor (Extroversion, Neurotics, Openness, Agreeableness and Conscientiousness)in the score. Someone was extroversion, we can say that person is outgoing,scalable, friendly and assertive. This kind of person, they always go to party and they always can find friendly quickly. In the tests there has six branch of the extra RSI en d less,G regal soundness,Ease rotten sees,Ex. me NT-seeks Eng,actively level and cheerfulness. ), every branch has their own score and choose average of them to build your score for extroversion.My comment of extroversion s hows my score on extroversion is average, indicating I am neither a subdued loner nor a Jovial chatterbox. I enjoy time with others but also time alone. Some point I agree like I can find friend quickly and I Like spend some times Just for private or I have positive mood and feeling and I Like to try some crazy things but there has some point has a little bit different . Friendless†¦ 63, Your level of friendliness is average. They make friends quickly and it is easy for them to form close, intimate relationships.In the friendless, I think there has a little different from me. I can make friends quickly but I am not easy to close because when I started go to school, many people think I am cough girl, cool eyes, hot temper.. Before they make friend with me, they think am just Like Big Boss, always control other people and never smile but when they has chance to know me , they know I am person who are not like what am I look like. Even my best friend, she said she don't know how s he can make friend with me.But it Just like the comment saying, I can make friends quickly, I don't know why but when I talk to someone, they always think I am funny and they always has some same thought with me, so my mother never worry about my sociability. —–Assertiveness†¦ 28,Low corers tend not to talk much and let others control the activities of groups. Your level of assertiveness Is low. This one think It Is not me, totally not me As said before, I Like control and I always acting Like a big boss. In my circle of friends, I am just like leader or like their mom, take care everything and help everyone.So, I can say let others control is impossible in my life, if there has someone wants to control, I will show or acting I am the better that them and I can handle everything. Neurotics If talk about neurotics, some words we can associated are anxious, hostile, self- unconscious, Insecure and vulnerable. Those who score high In neurologist tend to overreact(Mor occo&Almeida,2004) and exhibit more impulsiveness and emotional instability than others(Weedier,2009). There has six part in Neurotics: Anxiety, Anger, Depression, Self-consciousness, Immoderation and Vulnerability.The comment I got said : amour score on Neurotics is average, indicating that your level of emotional reactivity is typical of the general population. Stressful and frustrating situations are somewhat upsetting to you, but you are generally able to get over eel angry when some unfair thing happened or something did not go my way, feel sad when some bad things happened and did not feel nervous in social occasions also can handle someone say some bad things about me, I am not fragile that can influenced by other people is Just like me.I did not find anything different in Neurotics, all I get is average, I am not strong enough but I am not weak. Openness to experience Curiosity, flexibility, vivid fantasy, imaginativeness, artistic sensitivity and unconventional attitudes(Wa yne &Doug, 2013) are another words which can describe money was openness. Elf people who are high in openness, they must be tolerant of ambiguity and have less need.They tend to think and act in individualistic and nonconforming ways. In this case, my score is 9 and it is low in the total score is 99,the comment they give to me is think in plain and simple terms, others describe me as down-to earth, practical, and conservative. In these six branch, there has some saying connecting with me such as medium range of imagination, no interest in arts, I can change arbitrary between psychological liberalism and conservatism as I think.

Case Blanchard Essay

In the course of Operations Management was given to us a Harvard Business case study, â€Å"Blanchard Importing and Distributing Co. , Inc†. The company is a liquor distributer and bottler which, is struggling with inventory management problems. The aim of our work is to help the trainee, Hank Hatch, analyzing the company’s scheduling system and present recommendations with the purpose of solving problems intrinsically related with Inventory management. Firstly, we are going to calculate the EOQ and ROP quantities based on 1971’s demand, then we compare this values with the ones obtained upon the implementation of the Scheduling system, in 1969, as well as with the scheduling system invented by Bob and Elliot . We are also going to approach the differences between the formal and the informal systems, choosing the best one for the company and finally present our recommendations which are aimed to solve the detected problems. Economic Order Quantity Model Operations Managers regularly face with decisions of â€Å"How much† or â€Å"How many† of something to produce or buy in order to satisfy the internal and external requests for a certain item. The majority of those decisions do not always take into account the cost consequences that would occur. The Economic Order Quantity Model, and also so-called â€Å"EOQ Formula†, is often very helpful in guiding managers about the order quantity decision regarding consequences. The EOQ Model was developed by Ford W. Harris in 1913 and it corresponds to the level of inventory that minimizes the total holding costs and ordering costs of the inventory. Graphic In other words, the Economic Order Quantity is known as the cost-minimizing order-quantity which takes in consideration the existing tradeoff between ordering cost and storage cost. Basic assumptions of this Model: Replenishment occurs instantaneously; Demand is constant and not stochastic; There is a fixed setup cost K independent of the order quantity; Only one product is involved; Leadtime is zero, does not vary; There are no quantity discounts. Leadtime According to EOQ Model, the leadtime is zero. The leadtime is the time interval between placing the order and receiving the corresponding order quantity which means that delivery or manufacturing is instantaneous, the replenishment occurs instantaneously. Although this assumption is obviously unrealistic, it removes the question â€Å"When to order? † by answering to order â€Å"Q† units each time inventory falls to zero. Costs The EOQ Model presents three types of costs: Cost of the units themselves; Cost of holding units in inventory; Fixed order cost or manufacturing setup cost. The unit cost is the cost of the units themselves, denotes C, and is assumed to be fixed regardless the number of units ordered or manufactured. The holding cost or carrying costs, denotes h, represents the management’s cost of capital, the time value of money invested in units; includes the costs for storage facilities, handling, insurance, pilferage, breakage, obsolescence, depreciation, taxes, and the opportunity cost of capital. The setup cost, denotes S, represents all the costs associated with placing an order without consider the cost of the units themselves, for instance, any administrative cost of placing and/or receiving an order. Reorder Point The reorder point (ROP) also called reorder level, reorder quantity or replenishment order quantity is the inventory level of an item which signals the need for placement of a replenishment order. So, the ROP occurs when the level of inventory drops down to zero. To compute ROP is necessary to perceive the minimum level of inventory that is held as a protection against shortages, safety stock. Reorder Point = Normal consumption during leadtime + Safety Stock Determinants of the reorder point: Rate of demand; Leadtime; Extent of demand and/or leadtime variability; Degree of stockout risk acceptable to management. Case Analysis 1. Recalculating EOQ and ROP Recalculating EOQ: We have to take into consideration the new information about demand and the relevant costs. The relevant costs are: setup costs, holding costs and Unit Costs. For the Demand we use the total demand of 1971 (exhibit 5). Setup Cost: To calculate the setup costs, we had only taken into account the ones which varied with the number of setups, as we can observe, the only one with this characteristics is the label changeover cost. The time needed to reset machinery to a different kind of label is 30 minutes, during that time all the five part-time workers remain idle. Hence incurring in a cost equal to the salary earned by this five workers in the half an hour stop. Holding Cost: We use the 22. 5% value said on the guidelines of the case. Unit Cost: For the unit cost, we should only consider the expenses that Blanchard supports when producing. Thus, for the calculation we will sum the Materials cost, the bottling labor, the variable overhead, the customs duty and the federal rectification tax. Our selection was based on two assumptions: variable costs and the costs paid before the sales.

Conflict and Effects on Economic Development Essay

Conflict and Effects on Economic Development - Essay Example Especially, the past decade has experienced a significant increase in the study of matters to do with conflict. The main observation conflict has on economic growth of the nation. Even though, conflict might result in poor economic performance, the inverse relationship is equally reliable. Therefore, this contradicts the findings. Furthermore, very little is recognized relating to the post-conflict recovery. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to conduct econometric evaluation for both. This study will be narrow down to Afghanistan’s conflict. Drawing my conclusion form an economic hypothetical point of view, is that there is no agreement about the effect of conflict on the general economic performance. The neo-classical theory forecasts that the economy period takes minimal time. The alternative models claim that the catch-up period takes a longer period because the recovery rate of the human is slower. It is attributed to the country being trapped within a lower positioned equilibrium. The current evidence supports each side of the argument by providing the support. A possible explanation of the two depends on the nature of the data in use. A use of data of data from various countries reveals that a number of factors that are necessary for determining the relationship will be unattended to. The rate of economic recuperation may be dependent on the kind of damage brought about by the conflict. However, it was dependant on two factors, whether the conflict was between countries that depend on their soldiers or within the country among factions of its community. The use of micro-level statistics acts as a more reliable means reason being the initially unobservable aspects become observable. For the purpose of further clarification, more information is in the literature review section, detailing the effect of conflict on the economy.

AMERICAN HISTORY SINCE 1865 TO 1900 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

AMERICAN HISTORY SINCE 1865 TO 1900 - Essay Example ples of this differential in overall levels of freedom exists with regards to the period in time following the conclusion of the Civil War and the turn of the 20th century. As a function of this unique reality and the differentials and freedom that were existing for whites and blacks during this unique period in American history, the following analysis will seek to analyze these differentials so that the reader may gain a more informed and realistic interpretation of how they impacted upon such people and the far-reaching historical ramifications that these differentials had and continue to have. Firstly and most obviously, African-Americans were able to experience freedom from slavery as a direct result of collusion of the Civil War. Although this statement seems the very matter of fact, the overall an underlying importance that it holds should not be misunderstood. Prior to 1865, at least in areas that were controlled by the Confederacy, the practice of slavery had reduced nearly all legal and democratic rights of African-Americans and place them on a level that was comparable to property. As can reasonably be expected, the overall humanitarian, democratic, legal, and egalitarian effects that this had were profound. Yet, once freedom was one and the process of slavery was abolished, it cannot be stated that African-Americans within the deep South, or anywhere else in the country for that matter, suddenly realized drastic improvement in the overall quality of life or level of freedom that they could immediately express. As a result of the horrors of the Civil War, large sections of the South were laid waste. Cities were burned, infrastructure was destroyed, working aged men and business owners were dead, and resources that could be directed to capital investment were otherwise lost. As such, even though freedom existed for these African-Americans, at least in terms of no longer being slaves, the level and extent to which they could express this freedom and seek

Employees Job satisfaction in Pakistan banking sector Essay

Employees Job satisfaction in Pakistan banking sector - Essay Example s not feel like his job is contributing anything to his growth or the organization; he also feels that the job is not in tandem with his ideals and values for work anymore. The problem with Salim was that he was not feeling ‘job satisfaction’ anymore. To elucidate this concept, I carried out research into different resources including journals, magazines, websites and books. Job satisfaction is the consequence that one feels ‘from the perception that one’s job fulfils or allows the fulfillment of one’s important job values† (Henne & Locke 222). These job values are individualistic in nature therefore when one job satisfies person A, it is not unlikely that the same job will not satisfy person B. This is because their definitions of what their job values are and how the current job is fulfilling them is quite different. To understand what constitutes job satisfaction, I looked into the work of Saleh & Hyde who say that job satisfaction is the combined result of ‘intrinsic’ and extrinsic’ factors (47): intrinsic factors include things like the kind of work performed, sense of achievement and responsibility associated with it, development of new skill and maturing of the mind; extrinsic factors are more tangible such as the work environment and ambience, salary and bonuses, rewards and promotions, job security and interpersonal relationships developed. Saleh and Hyde found that the people who are more intrinsically motivated are able to gain higher levels of satisfaction (52). The study correlated the intrinsic values to the theory of activation where a certain activation level, which is devoid of external factors, determines how positively or negatively – in turn satisfied or dissatisfied – the individual feels towards any stimulus. Authors Saleh and Hyde write that simple jobs provide lesser stimulation to reach the activation level (52) and thus, will likely take harder to reach the threshold for satisfaction; this explains why a new job is

US government for the rich or for the poor Essay

US government for the rich or for the poor - Essay Example The expository by Valdas Anelauskas regarding the state of social affairs in the United States free market economy reveals several facts that profoundly try to establish that the US government is serving the interest of the rich while working against the poor.Central to X's arguments is the idea that US formulated tax laws are providing corporations opportunities to make enormous profits all the while pushing employees further into the quagmire of poverty and hopelessness.US economic policy is akin to providing business entities with benefits that are collectively called corporate welfare which I have learned upon further reading. This welfare consists of government programs that extend unique advantages or benefits to specific industries or companies. Corporate welfare includes direct grants to businesses, indirect commercial support to businesses and subsidized loans and insurance. These programs provide useful services to private industry such as research, insurance, statistics, l oans, and marketing support. In addition to spending programs, corporate welfare also includes barriers to trade that protect U.S. industries from foreign competition. The logic behind giving corporations such benefits is the hope that they will remain competitive in the local and global marketplace thereby ensuring the labor force with employment with the possibility of providing more because of the availability of more capital. Anelauskas provides many statistics on US tax disparities between the rich and the poor but the more telling one is corporate benefits amounting to $165 billion as opposed to the $50 billion given for social welfare (p. 283). Anelauskas reveals that the perceived benefits of the corporate welfare to the labor force did not materialize. It turns out that while corporations have slashed their taxes thru the different provisions of the law, they are actually using the money saved and even the subsidies received to enrich their top-ranking officials particularly the Chief Executive Officer (CEO). The result is that CEOs are earning huge amounts of money that are hundreds and even thousands of times larger than what the average employee would earn. Instead of ensuring employment security and providing more employment opportunities, US corporations are actually conducting mass lay-offs on a grand scale and their CEOs even get paid with huge amounts of money for conducting such operations. Instead of the benefits of improved employment, US workers now face the possibility of employment termination more than ever, the decreasing availability of health and retirement benefits and lower compensation. Making matters worse is that while corporations are paying less and earning more, individuals are paying more to account for t he void left by the corporate tax cuts but are earning less. What is more undesirable is that individual taxpayer's money goes to corporate bank accounts. Aneulaskas argues that it is thru the actions of the US government that made this state of affairs possible. The US government even acts as a passive observer to the mass lay-offs and the scam of huge pay-offs that make the rich richer and the poor poorer. Is Aneulaskas right in claiming that the US government are actually serving the interests of the rich It is important to remember that the main basis why the US government formulated these give-aways to corporations is to help them stay financially viable in a rapidly globalizing marketplace. The US government would not want these corporations to go bankrupt or relocate their production and manufacturing facilities in countries with cheap labor and have their own labor force having little employment opportunities. Can we say therefore that the US government is not actually helping the rich but are actually more concerned with those of the average and meagre incomes I would have believed that such is the case if it were not for the obliviousness of the US govern

Higher & Higher Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Higher & Higher - Coursework Example Why? 5 4. Do you think of Zhang’s goals for his company? What must the company do to exploit its resources and capabilities in order to reach these goals? 6 Reference 8 1. What resources and capabilities does the Haier Group appear to have? Are any of these capabilities distinctive? Explain. What will it take to make its capabilities distinctive? One of the most prominent capabilities developed by the company is its diverse variety of products in the home appliance market inclusive of consumer electronic products, air conditioners, computers, mobile phones, washing machines, microwave ovens, televisions, refrigerators etc. This wide diversity of products allows the company to capture a considerably large portion of the market including households and large corporate also (Hunt, p.2-5). Sound technology used by the company clearly distinguishes it from its competitors. In many nations, such as India the company was able to acquire large proportions of the market using technolog ical and innovative changes in its products and product lines in order to cater to the changing needs and requirements of customers (Hunt, p.2-5). Strong innovation initiatives are one aspect which distinguishes the company for its competitors. The company has always strived to add value to its products and product lines with the purpose of serving the niche markets in a better way compared to its competitors. This is particularly helped the company in attaining the faith and loyalty of customers as one of the most trusted brand names and superior deliverer of quality products in the global market (Hunt, p.2-5). One of the most distinctive capabilities of the company has been cater to individual needs of the nations where it had operated. Its strategies have been different for different countries, like India, China etc. For example, although its e-business strategies were not really welcome in China because of its lack of technical knowhow and infrastructure and consumers remain rel uctant to use the internet as a common medium for doing business, the company has been successful in penetrating into the Chinese market by successfully implementing an e-business strategy that was particularly customised for the Chinese market (Roger, p.651). 2. What strengths and weaknesses does the Haier Group appear to have? How could it prevent its strengths from becoming weaknesses? Strengths One of the main strengths of the company is its wide range of innovative products which has successfully made its entry into the global economy. For example, one of its most prominent and innovative products was the frog shaped television console which could be doubled like a night light and which would automatically ask questions on maths problems to the kids before they switched it off. Some of the other innovative products included compact refrigerators, office refrigerators and wine coolers. The company has also successfully shown radical improvement in its product qualities driven by the initiative of its CEO Ruimin. Clear vision, strict discipline coupled with requisite efforts from the part of the CEO has acted as an active strength for the company in expanding its size across the international market and beat some of the major competitor players in the market like Whirlpool, General Electric, Electrolux and LG Electronics (Alon, p.62). Weaknesses The Chinese brands have inherently carried the name of low end and low quality of products. This image has spread worldwide which consistently acts as a

Doctrine of the Supremacy of Parliament in the Modern United Kingdom Essay

Doctrine of the Supremacy of Parliament in the Modern United Kingdom - Essay Example Though, the judiciary was not isolated institutionally from the Parliament, but, the judiciary was and is considered as having been employing or employed a sizeable magnitude of independence from that of Parliament. When the Bill of Rights introduced in 1689, it attempted to regulate the association between the Parliament and the Queen in a legitimate dominion, and it has been custom of the court to give due recognition to the pre-eminence of an Act enacted by the Parliament1. By the enactment of Bill of Rights, in 1689 can be said that it recognised the customary view that the supremacy of the Parliament as it stated that in Chapter 02-1, that the â€Å"pretended authority to enact or annul laws by so-called regal authority without approval of the parliament is not legally valid, and this had made the Parliament’s law enacting authority above that of monarchy. Before the passing of the Bill of Rights, it could be claimed by the judiciary that the common law ( judge made laws or verdicts given by judges) regulated statutes thereby making them invalid if an Act is said to be against common reason or right or not possible to be implemented as held in Dr Bonham’s case2. As per Wade3, the concept that the Parliament is independent since the judge recognises Parliament’s political and legal supremacy. ... However, Dicey’s5 strict elucidation that the parliamentary sovereignty is the supreme is not free from criticism as in recent times, there has been judicial rejuvenation as corroborated by judicial verdicts that the courts in UK consider themselves as preserving some residual privileges to refute the authority of legislation. Lord Woolf6 viewed that "â€Å"finally there are even restrictions on the domination of parliament which it is the UK’s court absolute power to recognise and endorse7. In Jackson v Attorney General8, Lord Steyn, viewed scepticism whether the Diceyan view that parliament sovereignty was still holds good9: â€Å"The typical description made by Dicey on the â€Å"doctrine of dominance of the Parliament is absolute and pure, as it had been, can now be regarded as gone out of practice in the modern era of UK. Nonetheless, the domination of Parliament is yet regarded as the general principle of UK’s constitution. It is a notion that has been b uilt upon the common law. Judicial rejuvenation can be explained as judge made laws. In such scenarios, it is not preposterous that scenarios could occur where the courts may have to hold good a principle formulated on a varied theory of constitutionalism10.† While finding the proposition of the HRA (Human Rights Act) for parliamentary sovereignty , Alison Young11 was of the view that the courts should interpret and offer impact to the laws so that it becomes in line with the rights enshrined in the European Convention on Human Rights , 1950(ECHR). In case , if it is impossible to locate a convention well-matched with elucidation of a statue , then some courts are toothed with the authority to hold non-binding Declarations of Incompatibility

Internal Factor Evaluation Essay Example for Free

Internal Factor Evaluation Essay Internal factors of a college or university include faculty, students, staff, alumni, athletic program, physical plant, grounds and maintenance, student housing, administration, academic programs, fraternities, sororities, and public relations. The sum total of all weighted score is equal to the total weighted score, final value of total weighted score should be between range 1.0 (low) to 4.0 (high). The average weighted score for IFE matrix is 2.5 any company total weighted score fall below 2.5 consider as weak. The company total weighted score higher than 2. 5 is consider as strong position. And from the table above Philippine Women’s University Sta. Cruz, Laguna Campus has a slight strong internal position and there are many areas need to improve further. Strategies After we evaluate our university, we think that there are some things that the university should do like daily checking of air-cons, lights, flushes of toilets, etc. They should build clinic in case of emergency, they should also build canteen, hire an HR, and have a head of each colleges. They should also include all the other or extra fees in tuition fee. And there’s one thing that is important for us senior, we guess that they should take some actions in helping them on finding OJT. And maintain their strength or much better to improve it more.

Case Study: Liver Disease and Hepatitis B

Case Study: Liver Disease and Hepatitis B Case study   Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Liver Disease Introduction A 60 year old woman with a history of hepatitis B and cirrhosis presents with oedema and constipation. The GP takes the following tests on her and these are the results. Albumin 30g/L Platelet count Alpha – fetoprotein 450 ng/mL Test results The test results can be used for analysis to clarify what disease the 60 year old woman has, and by linking her symptoms with the test results. Hepatitis B is a virus that affects the liver, chronic hepatitis can develop without proper treatment. Having hepatitis B will eventually cause scarring to the liver which is known as cirrhosis. The 60 year old woman has developed Chronic hepatitis, the hepatitis is ongoing and serious, this will eventually cause the liver tissue to produce scares and stop functioning as it should .A liver biopsy (tissue sample) can be taken to find out how serious the hepatitis is. One of the function of the liver is to produce a protein called albumin, having liver cirrhosis will cause permanent damage to the liver and when this happens the liver will find it had to produce albumin.(Aspinall et al 2011:Pubmed) Albumin is a protein that is made by the liver which measures the exact amount of protein in the clear liquid portion in blood. The test is usually t aken place to determine whether a person has a sort of liver or kidney disease which is the main reason why the test was carried out. The normal range in human is between 3.4 – 5.4g/dL. The woman’s albumin level shows that it is below average, low albumin may cause oedema which is a symptom that the woman is experiencing. Cirrhosis results in an increase in fluid retention. Cirrhosis also leads to low levels of albumin and other proteins in the blood which could also be the cause of oedema. (Gupta and Lis, 2010) Platelet count determines the amount of platelet in the blood, normal adults produce 1 x10^11 platelets every day, portal hypertension is a complication of cirrhosis of the liver. Portal hypertension always takes place in the liver at all times, an increase in the pressure within the portal vein is caused by barrier of the blood flow to through the liver (Kotoh et al 2012). Portal hypertension causes symptoms to patients that are linked to their liver disease which could be hepatitis B,C or cirrhosis, patients that have cirrhosis had a very high chance of developing portal hypertension and it was increase over years. Patients who have portal hypertension usually have low platelet count which is the case of the 60 year old woman whose platelet count is Alpha fetoprotein is a protein that is found in the liver, it is considered a tumour marker for liver cancer, the test may be done to diagnose possible liver diseases. The normal values in males or non-pregnant females is generally less than 40 micrograms/litre.High levels of alpha-fetoprotein indicates that there could be liver cancer which is the key factor which shows that there is something wrong with the liver.If your AFP level is unusually high but you are not pregnant, it may indicate the presence of certaincancers or liverconditions.so a liver transplant could be an option for the woman. In adults, high blood levels can be a sign of certain types of cancer, including liver cancer. (Alejandro et al, 2012) Symptoms and Diagnosis Constipation is a liver related issue, in this case It was most likely caused by her progressing tumour formation this may press on her digestive system causing constipation, having cirrhosis may also not allow her to properly digest fatty lipids because her bile might possibly be blocked resulting in constipation.  Hypothyroidism  can cause constipation. Blood tests to check thyroid hormones / TSH will help in diagnosing hypothyroidism. Oedema is swelling that is caused by fluid trapped in the bodies tissues, oedema can be a sign of lots of things including malnourishment and low albumin level in the blood and the woman’s albumin level is below average these are the results of having liver failure and cirrhosis. Having history of cirrhosis is the main reason she has oedema. (Gaw et al 2013) Because of the woman’s age cancer would need to be tested for cancer as old people are much more prone to have cancer. Albumin is produced by the liver meaning that her liver is affected inducting liver cancer. Some patients with chronic liver diseases are more likely to develop thyroiditis, hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism through autoimmune mechanisms (Huang, Liaw 2008). The woman may have Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) which is most common and popular type of liver cancer. The main risk factors associated with HCC are hepatitis B,C and cirrhosis which the woman has a history of. HCC develops in patients with chronic liver disease and patients with cirrhosis are more likely to develop HCC and people over the age of 50 are more likely to develop HCC. The most common diseases that affects the liver are cirrhosis and hepatitis (Marshall and Bangert 2008). HCC is a serious disease in which alpha-fetoprotein will be elevated in a person, alpha-fetoprotein is a gene that becomes expressed when lots of damage has occurred to the liver in HCC. The normal range for AFP is 10-20 ng/mL.A level of >400 ng/mL may be regarded as diagnostic for HCC by some. Further tests A test that can be proposed is an ultrasound of the liver, an ultrasound test uses sound waves to create pictures and to see what is going on with organs inside the body. If any tumours are found in the liver then this can be furthered to test for cancer. An MRI scan can be useful for looking at liver cancers, MRI are sometimes good at telling which cancers are a tumour. Another tests that can be carried out is biopsy which involves actually taking the tumour and inspecting it under the microscope for further analysis which is likely to be more effective and reliable. Alanine aminotransferase(ALT)An alanine aminotransferase (ALT) test measures the amount of this  enzyme  in the blood. ALT is found mainly in the  liver, ALT is measured to see if the liver is damaged or diseased. Low levels of ALT are normally found in the blood. But when the liver is damaged or diseased, it releases ALT into the bloodstream, which makes ALT levels go up. Most increases in ALT levels are caused b y liver damage. Treatment and Prognosis Some treatment for HCC can include a liver transplant or surgery which can remove small or small-growing tumours.Sorafenib tosylate (Nexavar), which is an oral medication can be taken to block and stops tumour from growing.The prognosis is often poor, because only 10 20% of hepatocellular carcinomas can be removed completely using surgery. Radio frequency ablation can be used to kill cancerous cells. If the cancer cannot successfully be removed or killed, the disease is usually deadly within 3 6 months. However, this is not always the case as everybody is difference and so on some occasions people will survive much longer than 6 months. (Forner at al 2012: Pubmed) References Alejandro Forner, Josep M Llovet, Dr Jordi Bruix. (2012). The Lancet.  Hepatology. 379 (9822), P1245–1255. Allan Gaw, Michael J. Murphy, Rajeev Srivastava, Robert A. Cowan, Denis St. J. OReilly. (2013).  Clinical Biochemistry. 5th ed. London: Churchill Livingstone. p197-202. Aspinall EJ, Hawkins G, Fraser A, Hutchinson SJ, Goldberg D.. (2011). Pubmed:  Occupational Medicine. 8 (2), p531-540. Digant Gupta and Christopher G Lis. (2010). Nutrition Journal. Pubmed:  Pretreatment serum albumin as a predictor of cancer survival: A systematic review of the epidemiological literature. 9 (69), p112-120. Feldman M, Friedman LS, Brandt LJ, Pratt DS (2010).  Liver chemistry and function tests. 9th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders Elsevie. p436-450. Kazuhiro Kotoh, Marie Fukushima, Yuki Horikawa, Shinsaku Yamashita, Motoyuki Kohjima, Makoto Nakamuta, Munechika EnjojiJanuary. (2012). Experimental and theurapitcal mediine.  Serum albumin is present at higher levels in alcoholic liver cirrhosis as compared to HCV-related cirrhosis. 3 (1), p166-170. Miau-Ju Huang and Yun-Fan Liaw. (2008). Wiley Online Library.  Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 10 (3), P237–364. William J Marshall, Stephen K Bangert (2008).  Clinical chemistry. 6th ed. Edinburgh: Mosby Elsevier. p40-50.

To investigate the temperature change in a displacement reaction between Copper Sulphate Solution and Zinc Powder :: GCSE Chemistry Coursework Investigation

To investigate the temperature change in a displacement reaction between Copper Sulphate Solution and Zinc Powder Preliminary Experiment: Correlating Magnesium Powder and Copper Sulphate Solution ========================================================= I will mix 4cm of Magnesium ribbon and 50cm ³ of Copper Sulphate Solution into a polystyrene cup until I find a reaction. =============================================================== Prediction ========== The magnesium will displace the copper and the temperature will rise. Magnesium + Copper Sulphate †  Copper + Magnesium ------------------------------------------------ Mg + CuSO4 †  Cu + MgSO4 Hypothesis ========== The Magnesium will displace the Copper and rise in temperature because it is more reactive and it is an exothermic reaction. Results ======= Start Temperature 22 °C End Temperature 28 °C Rise In Temperature 6 °C This preliminary experiment was very useful because it is clear that there was a very small rise in temperature. This can be solved by using the powdered form of metal, that can be used to increase the surface area. Main Experiment: ================ Correlating Zinc and Copper Sulphate Solution ============================================= Prediction ========== I predict that the zinc will displace the copper to become zinc sulphate. --------------------------------------------------------------- Zinc + Copper Sulphate Zinc Sulphate + Copper I predict that the copper sulphate will only partially be heated during the reaction depending on the mass of zinc added to the solution of 50ml3. I predict that this reaction of the zinc and copper sulphate will be exothermic, therefore it will produce it’s own heat. I predict that the zinc powder will release more heat than zinc ribbon. I predict that the more zinc added to this reaction, the more the temperature would become up to a certain point. I predict that the temperature will increase when adding more zinc until a certain mass of zinc is reached. If more zinc is added when the ‘peak’ has been reached, then the temperature will decrease. Hypothesis ========== The copper will be displaced because zinc is higher in the reactivity series than copper therefore zinc is more reactive. The copper sulphate solution will only partially be heated during the reaction because there is not enough zinc to react with all of the copper depending on the mass of zinc. This reaction will be exothermic because all the heat will be given off in this reaction. The zinc powder will release more heat than zinc ribbon due to the powder having a larger surface area. The peak temperature is when there is about enough zinc to react with the copper sulphate. Any less zinc and it would not react as much producing less heat. Any more zinc would leave excess amounts, which would be harder to heat up and will reduce temperatures.

my weapon :: essays research papers

my weapon wake up! wake up! did you hear me say WAKE THE FUCK UP!? serene sunlight gleaming in my eyes i slowly rise with a crooked-face expression, eyebrows half way off my face, the taste of that overnight blunt stapled to the tip of my tongue and shopping through my taste buds. i take a deep breath, inhaling life into my lungs and salute the new day as a blessing. i see a pen resting. it's pleading me to pick it up and filter my being. gotta have it, so i grab it. feel the fragile but fluent flow of the pen conceiving thoughts held deep within. the ink oozing through its sides being penetrated by my flow. aqueous strokes assuaging my soul. hands clasp fast, manually massaging my mating mechanism. trying hard to find control and express realism. lost in a solitude of thought, i start to dwell on a time when freedom expelled and i fell into a hell i called my conventional cell, a little 8X8 room adorned with adolescent arrogance and innocent ignorance. aqua net bottles being trampled by nike sponsored 100% cotton pillow cases. spit swallowed blunts chillin behind the endless stock of hot cheeto bags. role models consisted of the ones with the gats and the weed sacks, a newly-dawning seed, i became part of a media-spawning breed, thought monetary accomplishment was the way you could succeed it was all about the benjamin's right? $80 jeans just to fit in and be tight. another $80 to experience the 'vintage' look @ GAP. saw the degradation of my generation in its obsession with immediate gratification. a teenage soul lost in a premature matured reality, unknown space caused the escape of my individuality, responsibility became nothing but a formality. began exploring the untamed and constantly apparent realm of sexuality. falling through the cracks of the gang banging mentality. 19th and mission, another fatality. i began my journey of questioning morality living in a society that teaches sex education in 3rd grade. so much violence on TV, my sensitivity starts to fade. i see sheep being led off a cliff, not knowing the black sheep was being paid. thoughts of family begin to scatter as a barrage of TV becomes my espionage of what a family should be. time to switch channels. click another ESL student stricken to silence. click fremont high state basketball champs, but can't read.

Evaluating the Impact of Tourism in England Essay -- UK, Britain

Tourist Count During our visit to Ashridge Estate, we carried a tourist count on two honey pot locations known as Bridgewater Monument and Ivinghoe Beacon. 1 out of the 4 groups that visited Ashridge carried out the tourist count as we did not want to hassle the tourists. A member from the group stood at an area in both locations and took a count of the amount of teenagers, adults, OAP’s, family groups and children there were. The information was then tallied onto a table. From this, we will compare the results collected to previous years (2004-2005). The comparison will be useful as it will allow us to analyse the information to see whether there is a correlation between the number of tourism and the hypothesis. If the number of tourists has decreased, then good; less damage done to the wildlife and environment. However, if the number of tourists increased, it may also suggest that the negative impacts have likewise increased. Some of the negative impacts may be footpath erosion; more tourists use the footpath resulting in more damage, Littering; animals may eat the litter which could harm them and also the air/noise pollution created via tourist transportation; affects the air quality and environment of the local wildlife. As we took the tourist count, we categorized the tourists into age groups. The reason for this was to see which age group was more likely to have a negative impact in Ashridge. Children and teenagers for example tend to be more energetic in comparison to OAP’s, doing more active activities that could harm the local wildlife and environment e.g. football; sports. Whilst OAP’s are more passive and less energetic doing activities that are less likely to harm the wildlife and environment e.g. bird watching. So... ...to see whether they were affected by tourism. On the sketch we took detailed annotations to help us visualize the problems we saw such as footpath erosion, debris materials scattered, deep rutted soil and other negative impacts. From this we could see the difference in both footpaths ((un)managed) to see which one was more affected by tourism. The problem with the field sketches was that whilst we were drawing, it was really windy which subsequently distracted us, so there may have been some mistakes. Also, some of the pupils from the groups found it difficult to draw what they saw, so the sketches may also not have been accurate and reliable. We could improve our drawings by taking a camera to capture accurate photos that will give us reliable results. From the pictures we would be able to recall the features of the footpaths we saw in order to help our fieldwork.

Analysis of Comprehensive Annual Financial Report Essay

Abstract Comprehensive Annual Financial Report (CAFR) is a report used by cities, and local governments to provide the public with their financial records each year, while adhering to government accounting standards board (GASB) guidelines. The report presents a comprehensive picture of the reporting entity’s financial condition, it provides how funds are spent and allocated throughout the year. Introduction I will be covering the Carlsbad CAFR for year ended 2011. The Beautiful city of Carlsbad is located along the coast of southern California. Carlsbad is known for its beautiful beaches, and lagoons which cover 1,000 Acres of nature preserves and hiking trails. Its history dates back to 1700, before becoming part of the United States, it was a territory of Spain and then Mexico, the shoreline of Carlsbad’s coastal lagoon was home to the indigenous Luiseno and Diegueà ±os Indians for centuries before the arrival of  the Spaniards (City of Carlsbad, n.d.). The current population of the city is approximately 107,000 residents; total area is 42 Sq. Miles (City of Carlsbad, n.d). The cities top business consists of hospitality, life science, sporting goods and recreation, and telecommunications. The city provides a wide range of services to residents such as; police, fire, infrastructure, and general administration, the CAFR provides detailed information about how these services are funded, and the type of the governmental funds allocated for these services. The city exhibits accountability and honesty by sharing the CAFR with its residents, in turn this builds trust in the residents toward their city, trust in that their hard earn money is being used in the appropriate services, and these funds are put back in to the maintenance and development of their communities. I will be presenting an analysis of Carlsbad’s comprehensive annual financial report for year ended 2011. The report consists of three sections that are introductory, financial, and statistical. Introductory Analysis The introductory for the city Carlsbad’s CAFR begins with a five-year vision statement, it is general vision statement, I find this very encouraging, and reassuring to present it before going into depth with the report. It includes the city’s economic goal, programs, policies, and decisions to be implemented by the city’s officials; it also lists the type of leadership, the open government policy, and they type of environmental services and how they are managed. Then one can find the Letter of Transmittal presented by the city’s finance department, addressed to the mayor, city council and citizens of Carlsbad. The letter is to explain why the CAFR is prepared, what is included in the CAFR, the guidelines followed such as Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) and that GASB requirements were preserved in the report; the finance department received an auditing from the independent auditing firm Mayer Hoffman McCann, they also included where the resu lts of the auditing can be located which I will cover in the financial analysis later on. In addition the letter offers an audited governments internal control and compliance with legal requirements were in place. The letter also includes a profile of the city, stating the population, geographical location of the city, a section about the city of  Carlsbad community vision, budget process that explains priority projects for the city, and budgetary controls. Followed by factors affecting financial condition, in this section there are Economic profile, long term financial planning, and cash management. Economic profile covers economic strengths and weakness of the city, the city shows improvement in most of its General fund revenues, and is expecting to increase by $ 2.3 Million or 2.1 percent in fiscal year 2011-12, also weakness in residential housing market affected by property tax and 0.2 percent decrease is anticipated in coming year (City of Carlsbad, n.d.) One of the leading factors to the economic crisis in the United States was the housing market, this had affected Carlsbad negatively, house prices fell like many cities in the country, 8 percent in Carlsbad compare to last year, and the following is a chart showing the trend in housing prices in the city (City of Carlsbad, n.d.) Long term financial planning is states that it is the City’s Council’s goal to ensure that they city remains in good financial health, and the city has taken a number of steps to attain this goal, setting forth Growth Management Plan, the plan was adopted by the citizens, the plan ensures that all the necessary public facilities are either constructed along with development or that a financing plan is in place to pay for the facilities prior to the development of the property ,to ensure this plan is effective, an Infrastructure Replacement Fund was created, this fund sets aside money on a yearly basis for major maintenance and replacement of its infrastructure(City of Carlsbad, n.d.). The creation of this fun is a brilliant idea, so when the time come to make the necessary improvement the city would have the money ready, and it would not have to transfer money from other governmental funds. As the economy expected to slowly recover, and provide to support to the largest aspect of our economy, the housing market. The General fund revenue will continue to cover the ongoing cost as seen in the following graph (City of Carlsbad, n.d). The last part of the letter was informative about cash management, major initiatives and projects. The cash management section covers the investment programs, its procedures as well as its objectives. The major initiatives  and projects section goes in to detail about the upcoming projects, it also provides developments and the maintenance of these projects that are designed to strengthen and improve the community. Followed by the letter of transmittal are the Awards and acknowledgments, the government finance officers association of the United States and Canada (GFOA) awarded the city of Carlsbad the certificate of achievement for excellence in financial reporting to the city of Carlsbad for its CAFR. (City of Carlsbad, n.d.). A webpage called Carlsbadistan which is dedicated to new, events, and all things Carlsbad, stated that city of Carlsbad had been awarded for the 11th time the GFOA during 2009, with this CAFR dating June, 30 2011, this award would be the 12th award received by the city. The Introductory section concludes with a list of the city’s elected officials, leadership team, chairpersons, commissions and boards, and finally an organization chart of electorate. I found the introductory section and the information presented to be very well put, educational, easy to read and follow, the statistical numbers presented in the economic section, the cash management and investments were informative. This city has earned the 12th GFOA awards received, because they simplified yet very complex information that is presented year after year in the CAFR. Financial Analysis The financial section of the CAFR for the city of Carlsbad lists and analyzes the components of financial information for the city, which helps the reader understand the financial condition of the city for the year ended and the projected budgetary for the following year. This section includes Independent Auditors’ report, Management’s Discussion and Analysis (MD&A), and financial analysis of the city’s funds. The Independent Auditors’ report main purpose is to examine the financial information presented in the city’s financial statements, the independent auditors concluded the city’s governmental activities, business-type activities, and each major fund was represented in a fair matter, also in compliance with generally accepted accounting principles as of June 30, 2011. MD&A part includes an overview of financial statements, with a chart of the statements, it is informative about the type of financial statements such as Government-Wide fina ncial statements (â€Å"which are intended to provide  aggregated overview of a government’s net assets and changes in net assets†) (Wilson, E.R., Reck, J.L., & Kattelus), and fund financial statements, I thought it breaks down and simplifies the purpose of these statements in financial reporting. Particularly in the Changes in net assets, this has general overview revenues and expenses from 2010-2011, with 11.5% decline from previous year, 2011 revenue is 217.2 (Governmental activities 152.4 and Business-type activities), while expenses 26.1 had an increase of 1.4 %( Governmental activities 21.8 and Business activities 4.3). The chart for sources of revenue can be found in this section, the following are the sources of revenue for fiscal year 2010-2011 amounted to $217.2 Million, the breakdown was as followed: Contributions from property owners 11%, property taxes 26%, income from property & investments 5%, other taxes 4%, sales taxes 4% federal aid 4%, and finally the biggest contributor to revenue was charges for services 31%(City of Carlsbad, n.d.) The following is an overview of the Governmental and Business- type activities on page 25. Governmental activities had an increase in net assets of $21.8 Million, the increase was generated by total revenues of governmental activities of $ 152.2 Million ( $42.7 million in program revenues and $109.5 million in general revenues) offset by $130.3 million in total costs of governmental activities and $ 135,000 transfer to the solid waste fun ( City of Carlsbad, n.d.) And for those who are visual learner like me, here is the visual aid to show the breakdown of the Governmental activities program revenues and expenses (City of Carlsbad, n.d.) Business-type Activities components are water, golf course, wastewater, and solid waste, for these program revenues totaled $56.5 million for the year, and functional expenses $60.8 million(City of Carlsbad, n.d.). Financial Analysis of the city’s funds provides information regarding Governmental funds and Proprietary funds. Governmental funds are near-term, inflows, outflows and balances of spendable resources that are essential for assessing the city’s financing requirements. Under the Governmental funds one can find the General fund statement of revenue, expenditures, and changes in fund balance, the city’s revenue and expenditure for 2011 were as followed; Revenues saw an increase of 2.6% from previous year, total $111.6 Million, largest element of the revenue was taxes at $95.5 Million. Whereas  Expenditures largest element was public safety $44.2 Million, total expenses were 102.1 an there was an increase 1.0%. Ending fund balance in the statement was $13 0.4Million (City of Carlsbad, n.d.). As for the purpose Proprietary Funds in addition to operating revenues and expenses, is to provide short and long term financial information about the city’s Business-type activities, the operating revenues were $35.1 Million which exceeded operating expenses that were $747,000, this increase was due to the increase in water sales revenue to rates (City of Carlsbad, n.d.). This increase has a bitter sweet side to it, in one hand in revenue is a sign that the city is doing great under light of this depressive economy, on the other hand citizens of this could use a break from these increasing rates. Before moving on to the statements the city listed the contact information for the city’s financial management for questions about CAFR. Notes to financial Statements begin on page 59 of the report, it includes when the city was incorporated, a description and scopes of the reporting entity which have several components, I consider it a great way of presenting a conclusion for the report, it presents some of the information presents earlier in the report, such as Governmental wide and fund financial statements, the notes states why they reported and how they were reported. Also lists the type of the governmental funds included in the report such as general funds, and redevelopment debt service funds, as a reader I appreciated how each of these funds were defined and actually listed. In addition a list of the enterprise fund were introduced in this section, describing what they are for example Carlsbad municipal water district, golf course, waste water, and so on, and where are those funds allocated. Financial Standing Overview of the city’s financing over the past 10 fiscal years shows that the city has been doing great, and is experiencing a growth considering the tough economic situation the country has been facing, looking at the total net assets supports that growth. In 2002, city of Carlsbad had $740,000 in total net assets, while in 2011 the total net assets were $17Million (Carlsbad CAFR 2011, 120) I think one of the main reasons the economy in this city is holding up relatively well, is due to the housing market, the city location is the main factor why a lot of home buyers gravitate towards  it. Conclusion The CAFR for the city of Carlsbad was exceptionally interesting, informative, and easy to read and follow. Now wonder this city has earned the GFOA for consecutive 12 years. The introductory, financial and statistical sections had graphs and charts to explain and show how funds for this city was spent, which more so help the visual learners in the public to grasp the complicated accounting components of the report. References 1- The city of Carlsbad CAFR webpage http://www.carlsbadca.gov/services/departments/finance/Documents/2011%20CAFR.pdf 2- Carlsbadistan web page http://www.carlsbadistan.com/?p=5623 3- Accounting for Governmental and Nonprofit Entities(15th edition) 4- APA Reference Guide http://datel200.nu.edu/web/documents/APA.pdf

Carl rogers Essay

Carl Rogers (1902-1987) was a humanistic psychologist who agreed with the main assumptions of Abraham Maslow, but added that for a person to â€Å"grow†, they need an environment that provides them with genuineness (openness and self-disclosure), acceptance (being seen with unconditional positive regard), and empathy (being listened to and understood). Without these, relationships and healthy personalities will not develop as they should, much like a tree will not grow without sunlight and water. Rogers believed that every person can achieve their goals, wishes and desires in life. When, or rather if they did so, self actualization took place. This was one of Carl Rogers most important contributions to psychology and for a person to reach their potential a number of factors must be satisfied. Self Actualization â€Å"The organism has one basic tendency and striving – to actualize, maintain, and enhance the experiencing organism† (Rogers, 1951, p. 487). Rogers rejected the deterministic nature of both psychoanalysis and behaviorism and maintained that we behave as we do because of the way we perceive our situation. â€Å"As no one else can know how we perceive, we are the best experts on ourselves.† Carl Rogers (1959) believed that humans have one basic motive, that is the tendency to self-actualize – i.e. to fulfill one’s potential and achieve the highest level of ‘human-beingness’ we can. Like a flower that will grow to its full potential if the conditions are right, but which is constrained by its environment, so people will flourish and reach their potential if their environment is good enough. However, unlike a flower, the potential of the individual human is unique, and we are meant to develop in different ways according to our personalit y. Rogers believed that people are inherently good and creative. They become destructive only when a poor self-concept or external constraints override the valuing process. Carl Rogers believed that for a person to achieve self-actualization they must be in a state of congruence. This means that self-actualization occurs when a person’s â€Å"ideal self† (i.e. who they would like to be) is congruent with their actual behavior (self-image). Rogers describes an individual who is actualizing as a fully functioning person.  The main determinant of whether we will become self-actualized is childhood experience. The Fully Functioning Person Rogers believed that every person could achieve their goals wishes, and desires in life. When they did so self-actualization took place. For Rogers (1961) people who are able be self-actualize, and that is not all of us, are called fully functioning persons. This means that the person is in touch with the here and now, his or her subjective experiences and feelings, continually growing and changing. In many ways Rogers regarded the fully functioning person as an ideal and one that people do not ultimately achieve. It is wrong to think of this as an end or completion of life’s journey; rather it is a process of always becoming and changing. Rogers identified five characteristics of the fully functioning person: 1. Open to experience: both positive and negative emotions accepted. Negative feelings are not denied, but worked through (rather than resort to ego defence mechanisms). 2. Existential living: in touch with different experiences as they occur in life, avoiding prejudging and preconceptions. Being able to live and fully appreciate the present, not always looking back to the past or forward to the future (i.e. living for the moment). 3. Trust feelings: feeling, instincts and gut-reactions are paid attention to and trusted. People’s own decisions are the right ones and we should trust ourselves to make the right choices. 4. Creativity: creative thinking and risk taking are features of a person’s life. Person does not play safe all the time. This involves the ability to adjust and change and seek new experiences. 5. Fulfilled life: person is happy and satisfied with life, and always looking for new challenges and experiences. For Rogers, fully functioning people are well adjusted, well balanced and interesting to know. Often such people are high achievers in society. Critics claim that the fully functioning person is a product of Western culture. In other cultures, such as Eastern cultures, the achievement of the group is valued more highly than the achievemen t of any one person. Personality Development Central to Rogers’ personality theory is the notion of self or self-concept. This is defined as â€Å"the organized, consistent set of perceptions and beliefs about oneself†. The self is the humanistic term for who we really are as a  person. The self is our inner personality, and can be likened to the soul, or Freud’s psyche. The self is influenced by the experiences a person has in their life, and out interpretations of those experiences. Two primary sources that influence our self-concept are childhood experiences and evaluation by others. According to Rogers (1959), we want to feel, experience and behave in ways which are consistent with our self-image and which reflect what we would like to be like, our ideal-self. The closer our self-image and ideal-self are to each other, the more consistent or congruent we are and the higher our sense of self-worth. A person is said to be in a state of incongruence if some of the totality of their experience is unaccept able to them and is denied or distorted in the self-image. The humanistic approach states that the self is composed of concepts unique to ourselves. The self-concept includes three components: Self worth (or self-esteem) – what we think about ourselves. Rogers believed feelings of self-worth developed in early childhood and were formed from the interaction of the child with the mother and father. Self-image – How we see ourselves, which is important to good psychological health. Self-image includes the influence of our body image on inner personality. At a simple level, we might perceive ourselves as a good or bad person, beautiful or ugly. Self-image has an affect on how a person thinks feels and behaves in the world. Ideal self – This is the person who we would like to be. It consists of our goals and ambitions in life, and is dynamic – i.e. forever changing. The ideal self in childhood is not the ideal self in our teens or late twenties etc. Self Worth and Positive Regard Carl Rogers (1951) viewed the child as having two basic needs: positive regard from other people and self-worth. How we think about ourselves, our feelings of self-worth are of fundamental importance both to psychological health and to the likelihood that we can achieve goals and ambitions in life and achieve self-actualization. Self-worth may be seen as a continuum from very high to very low. For Carl Rogers (1959) a person who has high self-worth, that is, has confidence and positive feelings about him or her self, faces challenges in life, accepts failure and unhappiness at times, and is open with people. A person with low self-worth may avoid challenges in life, not accept that life can be painful and unhappy at times, and will  be defensive and guarded with other people. Rogers believed feelings of self-worth developed in early childhood and were formed from the interaction of the child with the mother and father. As a child grows older, interactions with significant others wi ll affect feelings of self-worth. Rogers believed that we need to be regarded positively by others; we need to feel valued, respected, treated with affection and loved. Positive regard is to do with how other people evaluate and judge us in social interaction. Rogers made a distinction between unconditional positive regard and conditional positive regard. Unconditional positive regard is where parents, significant others (and the humanist therapist) accepts and loves the person for what he or she is. Positive regard is not withdrawn if the person does something wrong or makes a mistake. The consequences of unconditional positive regard are that the person feels free to try things out and make mistakes, even though this may lead to getting it worse at times. People who are able to self-actualize are more likely to have received unconditional positive regard from others, especially their parents in childhood. Conditional positive regard is where positive regard, praise and approval, depend upon the child, for example, behaving in ways that the parents think correct. Hence the child is not loved for the person he or she is, but on condition that he or she behaves only in ways approved by the parent(s). At the extreme, a person who constantly seeks approval from other people is likely only to have experienced conditional positive regard as a child. Congruence A person’s ideal self may not be consistent with what actually happens in life and experiences of the person. Hence, a difference may exist between a person’s ideal self and actual experience. This is called incongruence. Where a person’s ideal self and actual experience are consistent or very similar, a state of congruence exists. Rarely, if ever does a total state of congruence exist; all people experience a certain amount of incongruence. The development of congruence is dependent on unconditional positive regard. Carl Rogers believed that for a person to achieve self-actualization they must be in a state of congruence. According to Rogers, we want to feel, experience and behave in ways which are consistent with our self-image and which reflect what we would like to be like, our ideal-self. The closer our  self-image and ideal-self are to each other, the more consistent or congruent we are and the higher our sense of self-worth. A person is said to be in a state of incongruence if some of the totality of their experience is unacceptable to them and is denied or distorted in the self-image. Incongruence is â€Å"a discrepancy between the actual experience of the organism and the self-picture of the individual insofar as it represents that experience. As we prefer to see ourselves in ways that are consistent with our self-image, we may use defense mechanisms like denial or repression in order to feel less threatened by some of what we consider to be our undesirable feelings. A person whose self-concept is incongruent with her or his real feelings and experiences will defend because the truth hurts. Carl Rogers Quotes â€Å"When I look at the world I’m pessimistic, but when I look at people I am optimistic.† â€Å"The very essence of the creative is its novelty, and hence we have no standard by which to judge it† (Rogers, 1961, p. 351). â€Å"I have gradually come to one negative conclusion about the good life. It seems to me that the good life is not any fixed state. It is not, in my estimation, a state of virtue, or contentment, or nirvana, or happiness. It is not a condition in which the individual is adjusted or fulfilled or actualized. To use psychological terms, it is not a state of drive-reduction, or tension-reduction, or homeostasis† (Rogers, 1967, p. 185-186). â€Å"The good life is a process, not a state of being. It is a direction not a destination† (Rogers, 1967, p. 187). References Rogers, C. (1951). Client-centered Therapy: Its Current Practice, Implications and Theory. London: Constable. Rogers, C. (1959). A Theory of Therapy, Personality and Interpersonal Relationships as Developed in the Client-centered Framework. In (ed.) S. Koch, Psychology: A Study of a Science. Vol. 3: Formulations of the Person and the Social Context. New York: McGraw Hill. Rogers, C. R. (1961). On Becoming a Person-A Psychotherapists View of Psychotherapy. Rogers, C. R., Stevens, B., Gendlin, E. T., Shlien, J. M., & Van Dusen, W. (1967).Person to person: The problem of being human: A new trend in psychology.Lafayette, CA: Real People Press.

Ashok Rajguru Essay

From the first session based on the case â€Å"Ashok RaJguru†, I learned that to help a person, it is better to guide him to find a solution to his problems by himself. On the other hand, Ashok helped me in analysing my life by better understanding the mix of value of studies as well as personal relationships in life. Here I learnt that it is important to understand the value of your dreams at each stage and to keep evaluating it after some time, so that you don’t have to regret later. For the second case, I could not relate to a lot of things from my past experiences, but I got to know the kind of problems faced by employees in organisations. Here I learned from the experiences of my colleagues, who had faced similar situations at their workplace. I also learned that it is important o let misunderstandings not get created and if they do, then we should sort them out at the earliest. In the third and the fourth session, we analysed our personalities by filling in a questionnaire. With this instrument, I was able to understand the ego states that I follow. It has helped me in understanding various transactions that have taken place afterwards and I have been able to relate to them. From the reading I learned Managerial styles which will help me I my future

Beloved: A Palimpsest Novel at its Best

A palimpsest, traditionally meant a manuscript page. However, here it is taken to refer to an object, a piece of literature that reflects history. Palimpsest novels speak of a certain event, the history of a significant cultural phenomenon, or the history of a particular group of people. This paper delves into the merits of Toni Morrison’s novel, Beloved as a palimpsest novel. The novel will be described shortly and then thoroughly analyzed in order to show the truth in the statement that Beloved is indeed a palimpsest novel at its best.Beloved is a palimpsest showing the history of African American culture, of the autonomy of their culture, and of the history and strength of their independence. Toni Morrison’s Beloved focuses on the lives of Sethe and Denver, her daughter. The two escape from slavery and try to rebuild a new life together. Their efforts are undermined, however, when one day a girl named Beloved shows up at their house. Sethe believes that Beloved is he r daughter; one she murdered when the child was two years old, slitting her throat with a chain saw in order to save the baby from growing up and entering a life of slavery.Sethe believes the girl named Beloved is her murdered child because of the fact that her baby’s tombstone had read â€Å"Beloved†. Two other characters in the novel are Paul D. and Stamp Paid who watch as Sethe becomes centered on Beloved to the point of obsession, to the point of forgetting Denver’s needs and even of forgetting her own. Paul D. and Stamp Paid are also shown to be struggling with memories of their past, memories they try to repress and then later on finally come to terms with. (Morrison, 1-342)It is through the lives of these characters that Morrison is able to show the history of African American autonomous culture in a way that it has never been shown before. The violence and hardships previously skirted around by other slavery novels are directly addressed in Beloved. It i s through this graphic and honest portrayal that Morrison is able to show the need and drive of these individuals to attain independence and autonomy. Beloved is a strong novel about the pains of slavery. Through its characters, it shows how African Americans were able to transcend this pain through links of humanity, surpassing racist assumptions and barriers.(Greenbaum, 84) One link of humanity that is used in Beloved as a means of overcoming the pains of slavery is song. Morrison explores the dynamics of slave songs and allows her characters the power of these songs. Unlike past authors, Morrison’s portrayal of slave song is more inclusive of the actual topics of real slave songs. (Capuano , 99) She is able to do this because, unlike past authors, she is not fettered down by thoughts of having to inform her audience, of having to fight for abolishment of slavery and establishment of autonomy, of avoiding the committal of offence.(Capuano, 95) Thus Morrison uses slave songs in the most graphic way they have been used yet. Beloved is most successful in its portrayal of African American history. The novel reestablishes apocalyptic writing, writing established before Morrison’s time and which emphasizes the fact that African American culture underwent a period of darkness but will eventually come to the light. (Bowers, 59) In Beloved, this period of darkness is the era of slavery and the period light indicates the attainment of autonomy, of African American’s freedom from slavery.Beloved presents apocalypse not as something that is survived. Beloved offers African American an attempt of freeing them from a past full of guilt and suffering. Morrison shows that despite the holds of history on all African Americans, the holds of a past of slavery, the holds of a traumatic psychological legacy, there is a way to freedom. Directly confronting slavery and addressing the effects it wrought on all those who survived and even to those who did not al lows all African Americans to be able to break loose and start anew. (Bowers, 73) Beloved shows slavery in a light of complete truthfulness.It is because of the completely honest portrayal of the black and dim past of African American slavery that Beloved is able to break loose from the litany of novels holding the same topic. It is what sets Beloved apart and allows it to be dubbed as a palimpsest novel, a novel of the history of African American autonomy, at its best. However, it is not only the quality of its description and assessment of slavery that allows it to shine. It is the fact that through its honesty, Beloved is able to provide for its readers an insight into African American culture and suffering.It also offers African American readers a way to come to terms with their past, a way to break free from the holds of that past. Toni Morrison was able to take a well-worn storyline and create a new angle from it. She viewed slavery in a way it had never been done before. She viewed it through the eyes of a writer not bound by social taboos and social decorum. By taking slavery and showing it for what it really was, she was able to show history with more impact. Beloved thus became more than just another slavery novel, it became one of the best palimpsest novels.The fact that Toni Morrison became a Nobel Laureate because of this book stands as firm proof of its merit as a palimpsest of African American autonomy. References Capuano, Peter J. â€Å"Truth in timbre: Morrison’s extension of slave narrative song in Beloved. † African American Review 37 (2003): 95-103 Greenbaum, Vicky. â€Å"Teaching Belloved: Images of transcendence. † English Journal 91 (2002): 83-87 Morrsion, Toni. Beloved. New York: Alfred Knopf Inc, 1987 Susan, Bowers. â€Å"Beloved and the new apocalypse. † The Journal of Ethnic Studies 18 (1990): 59-77

Police Fitness Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Police Fitness - Essay Example Physical fitness required for policing consists of general fitness and job specific fitness. Canadian Mounted Policing (and other Canadian police forces) requires horsemanship skills as much of the 'Mounties' policing is done on horseback. Local forces are returning to the use of horses for policing. Many police organizations in Canada require a basic level of fitness be maintained by officers/constables. Many officers are required to perform foot patrol, bicycle patrol, or horse patrol. Obviously these types of police work require a higher level of fitness than is required for equivalent patrol in an automobile or desk work. Officers of the Peel Regional Police are required to pass a fitness test with an overall score of 75% (Peel Police, 2007). Potential police that pass the tests (and a rigorous written and psychological exam) are recommended to attend the Ontario Police College. Officers are also required to maintain the physical fitness level at 75% or above to keep their positions In addition to basic fitness testing police forces use an incentive program to promote a higher level of fitness for their officers. Officers/Constables are encouraged to exercise on their own to meet the higher standards that result in recognition from their organizations. Police organizations assist the officers by providing exercise facilities with exercise machines, free weights, treadmills, and stair-steppers. It is the officer's responsibility to schedule workouts and exercise on their own time. Officers who choose to maintain a high-level of physical fitness are rewarded with public recognition, award pins and certificates, and prime policing jobs such as bike patrol. In Toronto officers are rewarded with fitness pins, and consideration for special units such as the Emergency Task Force or Marine Units. Another unwritten incentive is to keep ahead of criminals who spend much of their time in prison working out lifting weights, etc Physically fit officers have a personal commitment to stay fit. Constables in Toronto's 51st division often exercise before the beginning of their shift. The 51st is made up of officers on mountain bikes. These officers spend up to ten hours a day patrolling the streets of Toronto. They are on their bikes up to 80% of the time (Savin, 2007). A look at a photo of the 51st division's bikers shows a very physically fit group of officers. This group spends about an hour of their own time exercising everyday (Savin, 2007). Many Canadian police organizations require that officers compete for coveted bicycle patrol slots. This means that officers need to push themselves past the basic level of fitness required to be an officer/constable. Again, this means officers spend some of their personal time exercising and preparing for the competition. Most of these policing organizations have built exercise facilities for their officers. No one is required to use the facilities but many officers spend much of their free time using these facilities. Many bicycle patrol officers focus on using free-weights or resistance training because much of their cardio-respiratory fitness is accomplished on the job. Many officers/constables compete in regional, national, and international

Article Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Article - Essay Example This has been substantiated in the most recent episode of Paul Shrode, wherein the city's former Deputy Medical Examiner has admitted that he lied on his resume to secure the position of Chief Medical Examiner in El Paso County† (Go Articles). This glaring incident and the periodic problems with the Houston Police Department crime lab only proved that there is doubtful integrity in the field of forensic sciences. Thus, it is for this reason that the author suggested that criminal defense attorneys should challenge every piece of forensic evidence presented before them, and outweigh its reliability before declaring it as admissible evidence. Criminal defense attorneys should refrain from accepting ‘expert’ testimony as gospel truth and upholding it as reliable as such, regardless of whether the trial court accepts the witness to be qualified to give the expert testimony of the issued in question. â€Å"They contribute to the popular acceptance among most jurors tha t "forensic evidence" is infallible when, in truth, the evidence analysis methodologies used in most of this science have never been validated and the end results have been tragic† (Go Articles). I fully agree with is the analysis of the writer.

Rational Analysis of Oral Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Rational Analysis of Oral Communication - Essay Example Unlike oral interaction which requires immediate processing of information to turn them into comprehensible messages, writing can evaluate and process information in a longer period of time (Rosenberg, 1987, p. 125). Thus, the impenetrability of orality to certain language processes can be processed by writing. Scholars Marlene Scardamalia and Carl Bereiter also supported the existence of Goody-Havelock-McLuhan-Ong theory. They demonstrated that knowledge can more easily be transformed in writing composition than in oral communication, thus giving way for man’s cultivation of knowledge. Scardamalia and Bereiter constructed a knowledge-telling model in writing. The first element is the mental representation of assignment followed by several knowledge-telling processes towards perfection of the composition. These include locating topic and genre identifiers, constructing memory clues, retrieving content from memory and run tests of appropriateness. (Rosenberg, 1987, p. 144). Such processes are rarely executed in oral communication because of immediacy orality requires. Therefore, writing as the driving force of man’s civilization is beyond doubt, considering its several knowledge-cultivating processes.

Analyse the political and economic changes in the Franco Regime Essay

Analyse the political and economic changes in the Franco Regime between 1939 and 1975 - Essay Example While so much of the world changed during these 40 years, fascist Spain remained effectively a backwater with little progress or growth to speak of. However, the process by which Franco secured political and economic control over the country, and the process by which he lost it (and which saw the return of constitutional monarchy in Spain) is a very interesting one, and the subject of this essay. By 1936, Franco had successfully gained power over Spain, decimating his Communist opponents and leaving as many as half a million of his countrymen dead. The battle between the Fascists and Communists had not been one of arms alone—both sides had unshakeable ideological beliefs that wrought terrible destruction across the countryside. Communists attacked churches and clergymen, disrupting the traditional ways of life, while the Fascists attacked workers and members of unions they suspected of having Communist sympathies. Although Franco had won a victory, Spain was still terribly split between both sides. The violence had opened an almost irreparable wound. A statesmen would have seen this and in the best interests of his country tried to heal the divide between these two sides. But Franco had a much more brutal vision for his country—one where he dominated the cultural, economic, and political life of Spain completely. What followed Franco’s victory was a long period of score-settling, one that would permanently mark the Spanish psyche. The war would continue by other means. As Grugel writes in Franco’s Spain, [F]ar from relaxing with the end of the war, repression of opponents both intensified and became even more institutionalized. With all of Spain now controlled by Nationalist forces, the number of potential victims expanded enormously. Even if the Francoist authorities had wished to contain the post-war terror, it is doubtful whether their supporter could have been restrained from settling old social and political scores.1 Although some call Franco a

Case analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Case analysis - Assignment Example The data entered at this stage include prescription, drug, customer, payment as well as insurance. The system then performs drug utilization review against previous customer history to determine drug appropriateness of the drug as well as to avoid causing any harm. In case of any problem, the system comes to a stop until reviewed by a pharmacist. The next stage in the fulfillment process is insurance check. The process of insurance check comes in after drug utilization review. The system performs insurance check, after any hard stop had been reviewed, to determine the payor. Following successful insurance check, the script goes to the production section. Under the production section, the required drugs for the script are counted by a certified pharmacy technician. Next the drugs are verified by a pharmacist to ascertain that the script has the right drugs, right quantities and the contained information is correct. After quality assurance, scripts are sealed in a bag and arranged in alphabetical order at the pick-up section, for customers to collect. The purpose and objective of CVS is to promote the health of customers by providing quality drugs according to the documented prescription in a timely manner. The purpose is derived from the organizational goals forming the basis of the sponsored research to identify problems and recommend possible changes and solutions to them. The problems identified in all five sections include unmanned drop off window, ineligible drop off and drug utilization review hard stop. Other problems included insurance check errors, insufficient inventory for filling the script during production stage as well as unpleasant customer surprises like unauthorized refills and unprocessed scripts forcing customers to walk away with a bad impression having lacked medicine. Waiting time at the pickup section was also

Valuation Methods of Collateralized mortgage obligations Dissertation

Valuation Methods of Collateralized mortgage obligations - Dissertation Example ted For Research Study 55 Data Analysis 57 Data Analysis Technique 57 Appropriateness of data analysis technique 59 Description on Questionnaire Formulation 61 Findings of the Research (CMO Valuation Model) 62 Reliability on the Data 62 Chapter Summary 63 Chapter Four: Methods 64 Introduction 64 Research Method 64 Research Design 66 Population and Sample 67 Sampling and Sampling Technique 67 Research Instrument 68 Primary Data Collection 69 Secondary Data Collection 70 Ethical Issues 71 Chapter Five: Findings 72 Introduction 72 Overview of the Study 72 Findings 72 Research Question One 73 Degree of relationship between the yield of FNMA-supported tranches and return on the US treasury bonds 73 Effect of Projected and Market Consensus on Subprime MSRs 76 Research Question Two 77 Relationship between the yields of FNMA-supported tranches and the assumption of the prepayment speed 77 Factors influencing the term structure of interest rate 79 Review on Subprime Meltdown 80 Research Quest ion Three 80 Fundamentals of CMO valuation identified through secondary data collection 81 Research Question 4 91 Quantitative representation of the MSR Price Impact 91 Component MSR Price Impact: 91 Total MSR Price Impact: 91 Impact on Sample Residual Interest is More Significant: 92 Fixed-rate mortgage valuation methodologies 93 Benchmark method 93 Rapid approximation method 96 Rational valuation approach 97 References 98 Dedication Acknowledgments Abstract Chapter One: Introduction This proposed quantitative descriptive research study discusses the various valuation methodologies of prepayment speeds with Collateralized Mortgage Obligations (CMO) tranches and analyzing how the prevalent valuation methods are useful in current complex economic scenarios. The objective of this study is primarily to examine the applicability of various methods of valuation for pricing the CMOs so as to determine their validity in the present economic conditions. Chapter 1 provides a broad overview o f the various facets with respect to the valuation of the prepayment speeds within CMO tranches. Collateralized Mortgage Obligations are derivative debt instruments that can be aptly defined as the claim that arises out of cash flows from large pools of home mortgages. The structure of CMO is such that once the principal and interest received from the mortgage holders it is distributed to tranches. The principal amount, the coupon rate, the prepayment risk and the maturity date differ among the tranches (Economy Watch, n. d.). CMOs are derivative debt instruments providing both retail and institutional investors the possibility of higher yields with a Standard & Poors AA